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In the early years of the United States, when the US Navy still had sea legs, several presidents used civilians to capture or destroy enemy warships when armed submarines failed to do so.
President John Adams was one of the main proponents of sending private ships to aid the nation. His supervisors issued letters of reprimand and reprimand during the so-called “Quasi War” and France in the last years of the 1800s. These letters made a legal distinction between piracy and piracy.
One of the letters written by Adams, dated November 1799, authorized the use of merchant ships to “capture, seize, and capture any French armed vessel” found near US coastal waters “anywhere on the sea.” France also used civilians against US shipping at the time.
